EU trade integration in goods (by Member State)
This indicator shows the percentage of a country’s GDP represented by EU trade in goods with other EU countries (average of imports and exports). It reveals how deeply individual EU countries’ economies are integrated into the EU economy.
Sources: Eurostat (2024), bop_its6_det; bop_c6_a; nama_10_gdp; Comext ds-045409
EU trade integration in services (by Member State)
This indicator shows the percentage of a country’s GDP represented by EU trade in services (excluding financial and transport services) with other EU countries (average of imports and exports).
Sources: Eurostat (2024), bop_its6_det; bop_c6_a; nama_10_gdp; Comext ds-045409
Trade integration in the Single Market (EU internal integration trendline)
This indicator shows the trend in cross-border trade flows in goods and services within the EU Single Market as a share of total EU GDP. Trade is measured by the average of imports and exports.
Sources: Eurostat (2024), bop_its6_det; bop_c6_a; nama_10_gdp; Comext ds-045409
Market integration: international comparisons
This indicator shows trade flows in goods (2024) and services (2023) of several economic areas within their own area, as a share of their respective GDP.
Sources: Eurostat, World Bank World Development Indicators, UN Comtrade, US Freight Analysis Network, WTO Balanced International Trade in Services
Exports of goods to other EU countries by SMEs in the industrial sector
This indicator measures the share of SMEs reporting dispatches of goods to other EU countries, based on value added tax (VAT) data. The share is calculated by dividing the number of exporting SMEs (nominator) by the total number of SMEs (denominator). Data only cover the industrial sector.
Higher shares mean that a bigger number of SMEs trade across borders. As these values are based on VAT data, they are at the conservative end and are likely to underestimate the real share of exporting SMEs.
Source: European Commission; Eurostat (2024) ext_tec01
Price convergence
These charts show the coefficient of variation of prices (in purchasing power parity GDP) for the EU. This is an indicator of price dispersion, i.e. how much prices vary, across EU countries. The lower the coefficient, the smaller the differences. Since the establishment of the Single Market, price differences have nearly halved.
Source: Eurostat (2024)
Concentration of State aid
This graph shows the concentration of State aid relative to the concentration of GDP, across the EU Member States over time. The calculation is based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), a common measure of distribution concentration. The HHI values are compared by calculating a ratio: If the HHI for State aid divided by the HHI for GDP exceeds 100%, it indicates that State aid is more concentrated than GDP (suggesting that aid might not be aligned proportionally with the economic output of each country). Conversely, a ratio below 100% indicates that State aid is less concentrated than GDP.
Source: European Commission (2023)